TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND INDUSTRIALIZATION :
STRENGTHENING THE BASIS FOR UTILIZATION, MASTERY, AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA
By
Rahardi Ramelan
I. INTRODUCTION
Advancement is often synonymous with modernization, and promises to man kind the ability to control nature through scientific knowledge, increased material welfare through technology, and improved group efficiency through the application of organization based on rational considerations. It is undeniable that advancements to date have produced some astonishing results. With the mastery of increasingly sophisticated science and technology, mankind can now accomplish things which previously were not even dreamed of. If we were to itemize all such advances it would fill a very long and detailed list, beginning with biotechnology, right through to iniormation tech nology.
Globalization gives us bigger opportunities to obtain new science and technol ogy. However, how far have such opportunities been considered as our problem ?
To utilize, master, and develop science and technology is not the same as buy ing goods and services. If in purchasing necessary goods and services i.e., products of technology, we need fi~nds, then in utilizing, mastering, and developing science and technology, the process required is difficult and complex, and demands ceaseless struggle. To obtain the so-called latest improvements, we need to develop in society the powers of adaptation, assimilation, and creativity which are compatible with requirements for the growth and development of science and technology in the society and nation of lndonesia. (5, 9, 16, 44).Because of this, it is important for us to understand that the fundamental issue does not lie in science and technology itself, but rather in comprehensively enhancing the capability of Indonesian individuals and society for adaptation, assimilation, and innovation in the field of science and technology.
The existence of large imbalances in the capability to assimilate science and technology between societies or among nations, will hamper the process of converging advancement among nations, which is to be hoped for in the era of globalization. Herein lies and will continue to lie the basic issue to be confronted, i.e., if we are not able to develop our national capability in the utilization, the mastery, and the development of science and technology (13, 14, 22, 23). lmprovement of capability for assimilation and innovation in these efforts is basically improvement of capability, which demands changes in our culture.
This means that efforts for improvement in technology are part of culture (9, 12, 24). Therefore, in this case, it can be explained that the utilization, mastery, and development, of science and technology in the era of industrialization is not a process of co-evolution among science, technology, values, organization, and environment in a complex condition of interrelationships in a continuously developing society
Newly-emerging nations which will soon enter the arena of globalization, without however having had pauses in cultural change, as were experienced by other nations which are now developed, hence, will experience globalization rather more as cultural change, than a need merely to master engineering or skills.
Our capability in science and technology, if compared with science and technology in the developed countries, is often rated as much lower. This tact is often explained in terms of the low quality potential of our human resources. It should be explained that such a view is only correct on the surface, and this will be the argument expounded in this article. Explanation on this matter is very important, because, if such a view is to be accepted, we are to believe that improvements in science and technology are constrained due to some genetic disposition. This view is erroneous (2, 3, 5, 43).
In welcoming the era of globalization, we need to choose an attitude based on the fact that there is no data to support that a certain nation or ethic group has a monopoly on creativity (2). All humanity, regardless of ethnic background or nationality, has the potential to advance. Therefore, this matter is based mostly on the degree to which the culture of a society places high value on changes in science and technology, and the other human activities which accompany the development of science and technology under discussion. Clearly, this is closely related to a society's concept of progress, because that is what becomes the impetus for innovation in science and technology (2, 24). Therefore, likewise, the basic issue for us, is the decision as to what we mean by progress. This is not so much an individual choice, but rather the choice of a society with various cultural backgrounds (9, 39, 45, 46, 48).
The variety of cultural backgrounds such as we have is more to be regarded as a national asset, that is, as a source which enrichens our potential to produce various types of science and technology. The world of nature, including national resources, needs to be a "laboratory" for us all, for increasing our knowledge of concepts of development, and the process by which it is achieved. In this context, globalization provides opportunities and challenges to learn more widely and in depth, in the context of the broader environment of development, in order that the choices to be made will more provide for the purposes of mankind and humanity, as well as of the individual, the society, and the nation.
II GLOBALIZATION AS CURRENTS OF CULTURAL CHANGE
Reality is a complex matter. Limitations in the human capability tO collect, process, and store information of such reality causes what we know and understand more to be in the form of images about things, conditions, or situations (3, 4, 21).
Although images are not reality, as subjective knowledge, that is of all things which we believe to be true, they very much determine the behavior of human beings. Globalization will develop images of the world we will believe to be true, which differ from their previous images. Extremely powerful images from this globalization are their institutionalized new images, for example, that the advent of free trade will provide prosperity among nations, which is increasingly convergent and improving.
Thus, our new world is a world of trade where, in its widest meaning, govern mental borders or geographical limits are not known. The main factor limiting us is only our competitiveness both domestically and on world markets, compared to trading groups of other countries. The image about the culture of protection, which earlier was the correct argument for increasing national economic capability, has already been replaced by the image of a new culture, that is, the importance of raising the quality of the human resources as well as science and technology of the nation, as pre-requirements for success in national development. Therefore, globalization can only become "ours" if we can manage to develop a culture in our nation, based on im proving our competitiveness, and not by depending on protection.
In such an environment, mobility of goods and services as well as capital, will channel available resources according to their "best use". Although, competition be comes the instrument for improving the capability of the individual and society as a whole, partnership is the other side of the creation of a new culture, which in fact be comes more important than competitiveness (1, 6, 10). Partnership represents the roots of continuity for globalization, because partnership operationalizes the values of justice, belief, and honesty. On the basis of partnership, businesses do not seek solely to maximize profits, furthermore, if other people must suffer losses, businesses must incorporate the spirit of advancing shared interests. The argument in support of this is not difficult: in the era of globalization, this world belongs to us all, so we all share likewise in the obligation to develop and maintain it together.
The rather basic issue for us is to what extent in this world has there arisen a single culture. Is what we value as 'good' similarly valued by other people, or vice versa ? Is what
we consider as correct also considered as correct by other people ?
What needs to be emphasized here is that with this globalization, the issue is not solely a technical matter; more important again is the problem of how to develop a new culture, i.e., how to internalize, and harmonize new developments within the design for a system of life which on one side, must always be according to the noble values of our nation, and on the other, must not conflict with the demands of an era which is constantly undergoing change
The creation of a new culture constitutes a process of sudden arrival. The for mation of a culture as "a way of thinking, feeling, and believing", represents a process whereby people react to internal and external changes. Thus, culture is basically the system of design for the materialization of life which is formed by a co-evolutionary, or historically selective process that is guided and understood together by all members of a society. As a system of design for a way of life, a culture clearly develops a structure of the expectations of the members of its society, with the result that they behave in accordance with such expectations. Although culture is not regarded as a given by the individuals, each person is born into the patterns of a particular culture (2, 3, 24). Be cause of this, cultural background represents an asset which should be used as an entry point for development efforts, especially in the globalization era, in order that this de velopment provides meaning to people, and treats them like human beings, also as members of the society as a group.
Values are an indivisible part of culture. To pass with success through the cur rents of globalization means that we need appropriate value systems. Values are the ideals of religious, ethical, or moral dimensions (26, 3S, 36). For example, the state ment "all men are equal" is not a scientific or logical statement, but rather a moral one, considering scientifically that people in terms of their birth and spirit are not the same. Because of that, industrialization in this era of globalization needs to be based on a strong system of values. In our nation, the basis of the values of our development is guided by the sentiments of independence and freedom of the unified Republic of Indonesia, as expressed in the philosophy of our country (Pancasila or the Five Principles), the Constitution of 1945, and the State Policy Guidelines (GBHN). These values are necessary in order that we do not take the wrong path in our development. In this case, such basic values will not be disturbed, because our shared obligation is to under stand, and give experiential meaning to their application in national development.
Although, globalization impacts on all points of our lives, we shall lirnit our selves to economic globalization and all related to it in the field of the globalization of science and technology, rnindful that this constitutes the trigger and the spur for stimulating the currents of globalization to flow directly among us. '
However, the decision to conduct free trade, for example, should not collide with the basic principles mandated by the people through the State Policy Guidelines. What is necessary, is to adapt the development strategy to the evolving conditions, and the various resultant consequences, while holding constantly to our principles.
Thus, the principal issue for us is to obtain the greatest benefit from globalization, and to confine its negative impacts to a minimum. Here we are faced with many challenges, which are not only to be confronted in the world of business, but also by the government as well as by society at large.
With the above mentioned background, we can understand that although industrialization is dependent on the utilization, mastery, and development of science and technology, this is not irrespective of our socioeconomic background. The prominent socioeconomic aspect is not in the form of socioeconomic behavior, but relates rather to a broader issue, that is, the values in our culture which we need constantly to develop, so as to place us in the most favorable position for development of science and technology. Therefore likewise, we must view this globalization as currents of cultural change which must be planned and designed in accordance with the aspirations of our independence.
We must be capable of developing a value system which can be referred to. Thus, it is more important to regard globalization as rapid cultural change with world wide characteristics.
III DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AS A TRADITION
The existence of science and technology in a society is an important cultural resource, not only for the society involved, but also for all mankind. The actual origins of new technologies are still topics of debate and interesting subjects of research (2, 9). One matter not yet thoroughly resolved is the question as to what arouses creativity in the individual person. Although the answer is definitely not yet known, there is one important thing we should together pay close attention to, and that is, in developing science and technology, we are exploring the unknown. Therefore this capability in science and technology will be very much determined by the existence of a culture which kindles and supports a spirit of exploring that unknown world. And this is called "conducting research" or "researching". Seen from the cultural viewpoint, the development of science and technology in a society or nation is explained in relation to the following factors. First, the constellation of values in a society or nation, and the total commitment of a society which channels the motivation to support, to be convinced about, or to apply science and technology to various degrees as well as types of use. Second, the capability of a national system of science and technology to produce and to market the results of its research as well as to motivate their efficient and effective application in all fields of life. Third, the institutional structures in the field of science and technology to link creative and innovative processes of the researchers.
The extent to which research and research work is regarded as an important profession, is a product of a certain culture. Research in itself, possesses the tradition by which research and research activities are seen as just a profession and activities similar to other types of work, for example, house building. In the developed countries, the tradition of research is institutionalized (9, 31, 48). One of the features of such a tradition is the life in the world of research, and utilization of the results of research for achieving levels of efficiency and effectiveness in the use of scarce resources, and completely integrated with all forms of their life. Traditions which grow in these circles never cease to require new products or processes to be better and cheaper.
In such a cultural context, the role and function of research as well as other professions in the field of science and technology already have respected positions (2, 9, 31). Once the role and function of research and research workers is institutionalized, then science and technology have the potential to grow, to improve with the institutionalization of the tradition, which will form a societal group in the real sense, i.e. having professions in the field of science and technology. Specialized knowledge will grow, and this constitutes a precondition for growth in technology. Basically, improving technology is a product of the application of organized knowledge (11, 16, 37, 45, 46).
With the development of specialized knowledge, organizations containing professions in the field of science and technology are necessary. The basic issue in this case is not the presence or absence of legal-formal organizations, but whether or not such thing grows having the same spirit and behavior conducive to the growth and development of science and technology (2, 3, 9, 47, 48). In other words, the extent to which arrangements are made for institutionalizing the science and technology which we have, is a growth in the atmosphere which motivates creativity in its members. Therefore also, we have to assess ourselves through introspection and evaluation which should be honest, objective, and open, and still open to any criticism.
Now is a very appropriate time to carry this out, before we are too late for coping with the currents of globalization.
lV. lNDUSTRlALlZATION AS A PROCESS OF CULTURAL CHANGE
Industrialization will result in the transformation of culture and society, because to achieve an industrial society, there must be changes "in the way of thinking, feeling, and believing" in that society. Cultural transformation means changes in the way of valuing, which will influence our behavior and the way of life of our society in various fields.
Seen from the economic aspect, this transformation is understood as a phenomenon whereby structural changes occur in the economy. From domination by the agricultural sector, there is a shilt to industry and services in their relative contributions to a country's domestic national product. Parallel with such economic indicators, industrialization is often construed as an effort to increase the role of the industrial sector in a country's economy. To make up for lost ground in developing the industrial sector, manufacturing industry especially needs to be spurred for growth and development, so as to hasten development of the economy. Thus, structural economic change becomes the development objective, to the extent that relative shifts in contributions to the national economy by the agricultural and industrial sectors represent very important indicators of development, and by which the success or otherwise of development is measured.
Learning from the experience of developed countries, economic transformation represents a
process of evolution from an agrarian society to an industrial society. This means that the advancement of a nation may be measured in terms of the capability of its national industry. However, an understanding of industrialization is not appropriate, if its meaning is only considered from indications of the contribution or sectoral segment of industry in the national economy, without being related to the process of achieving such contribution, as well as the sustainability of its growth according to place and time (27, 28, 29, 30).
Industrialization needs to be seen as development in several stages resulting from application of science and technology. This has to be continuously renewed for achieving greater efflciency in the use of scarce resources, and broadening the spectrum of choice of commodities available to society at declining real prices. From this, it follows that the growth required for continuous economic transformation must also be sourced from increasing efficiency and productivity as well as creating new products, not solely by increasing the total physical inputs used in the production process. Thus, the development to spur industrialization should be understood as a process of kindling all strengths from within (i.e., development from within?, which is the process awakened by the initiative and creativity within a society or country, with replication, recombination, and renewal of entire processes and outputs, thus prornis ing continued development.
Strengths sourced from within are basically rooted in the quality of human re sources, principally the capability to apply, master, and develop science and techno logy, and efficiency in the institutions coordinating all economic and development pro cesses (7, 12, 40, 41, 47). These considerations rank natural resources as subordinate to human resources as well as science and technology. Such an opinion is borne out by results of quite lengthy research, i.e. since economic research has sought to account for the fact that output in developed countries cannot be explained purely by con ventional input statistics.
Empirical phenomena in Indonesia indicate that structural economic change is proceeding rapidly. In 1994, the agricultural sector's contribution to GNP was 17.4 percent, far lower than its contribution in the 70s, which was over 40 percent. Thus, the proportional fall in agriculture's contribution to GNP has been so rapid, that by the beginning of the Sixth Five-Year Plan (Repelita VI), the contribution of the industrial sector had already surpassed that of agriculture, albeit not accompanied by the rela tively fast structural changes of employment in the population. In 1994, around 46.1 percent of the labor force was still employed in the agricultural sector, followed by 17 percent in the trade sector, 13.2 percent in industry, and 13.1 percent in the service sector. Agriculture thus retains today its contribution to employment. A feature of work in the agricultural sector in general, can be seen in the low educational levels as sociated with extensive numbers working small farm holdings, especially in Java, and traditional farming enlerprises outside Java. Because of this, the fast declining contribution of agriculture to GNP is not accompanied by a similar rate of decline in agricul tural manpower, and is rather the result of decreasing productivity in the agricultural sector
Industrialization as meant in this article, is basically free of sectoral connota tions. Based on this thinking, agriculture needs also to be seen as an industry, with no fundamental difference from manufacturing or tourism. Industry in this sense rather means mass production of products which are relatively homogeneous in the utilization of advances in science and technology. Based on fields of employment, Indonesia's labor force, whichever way measured, can be seen as mostly engaged in the agricultural sector. This means that our industry is still dominated by agricultural industry, with primary agricultural commodities as its principal products. The economic transformation from agriculture (i.e., primary industry) to agroindustry, or other secondary industries, will involve a process of shift in conventional customs and values. This shift demands reallocation of resources as well as enhance ment of the quality of human resources, and adequate institutionalization. Institutions which lag behind in time and method, or whose production techniques are no longer efficient, whether due to old equipment or for other reasons, must quickly be replaced. Thus, likewise with manpower, which is a key factor because, without a labor force with motivation for progress and hard work as well as capability in their field, then economic transformation will not proceed well. In other words, economic transformation
demands high powers of innovation and adaptation from each individual and the community, for all manner of changes. High capacity in innovation and adaptation require, among other things, growth in the culture of science and technology in our society. Therefore, industrialization also in step with transformation of the economy, represents a process which must be accompanied by cultural transformation. This process must be carried out wisely, and with constant regard to social aspects, demanding high values of religion, humaliity, and justice.
V POWERS OF ADAPTATION AND INNOVATION AS THE BASIS FOR CONTINUITY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Each process of transformation requires adaptation. The capability to successfully adapt oneself to change is called powers of adaptation. This process of change proceeds continuously, at increasing speed. Within such a process, there is also a process of selection.
The individuals or society which succeed in such a process of selection are those possessing high capability in adapting their behavior in the face of change. So, the individuals or societies which succeed are not those which do only as much as necessary, yet do not adapt themselves. This is according to the principles of the evolution theory, that is, of "diversity creating mechanisms" in the behavior of a population, which entails a cognitive process. Thus, the concept of adaptive powers more emphasizes the capability to adapt oneself to environmental change, through a process of learning (2, 3, 4,18, 27, 46, 47).
Because of this, within the context of developing science and technology, powers of innovation constitute more the concept of individual capability, or manipulation of society, or environmental intervention, according to the self-interest of the individual or society concerned. The understanding of environment in this context, is all matters known to influence the aims or outputs conceptualized by the individual or society concerned, but in such case, manifested beyond their control. The source of such capability will form changes in science and technology, institutions, human resources, or in other elements.
Because of this, within the meaning of developing science and technology, the powers of adaptation are the powers of utilizing and developing the science and technology already available in a particular industry, whereas powers of innovation are a more basic characteristic, that is, the capability of a society itself to produce that science and technology.
In the above frame of thought, then the fundamental question is, how to comprehensively enhance powers of adaptation and innovation within the society and nation of Indonesia, in order that we successfully negotiate the currents of the globalization era, and emerge, heading fora better future.
The importance of enhancing the powers of adaptation and innovation is apparent in the importance of the search for sources in support of growth, and can be grouped into raising efficiency and productivity, increasing the quantity of manpower, and increasing the stock of capital as a result of accumulation through a process of continuous development. During the Fifth Five-Year Plan Repelita V, increases in productivity contributed an average of 1.1 percent annually, and their share grew to 16.9 percent. During repelita VI, with an economic growth target of 6.2 percent (base year 1983), average increases in productivity must contribute at least.1.4 percent annually, while their share of economic growth is hoped to reach 21.8 percent. For achievement of such targets, it is clear that we will have to raise the quality of human resources, science and technology as well as the supporting facilities.
In macro planning terms, the set of problems to be con*onted still has classic characteristics, as outlined below:
First, our shortcomings in the educational area. ln 1990 for example, the percentage of adults who are still illiterate in Indonesia's population was recorded at around 16 percent. In several Asian countries such as South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Singapore, illiteracy rates are very low, ranging from 2 to 12 percent (23).
With regard to educational opportunity at elementary school, we are already on a par with our neighbor countries, that is, all children age 7-12 years are already attending elementary school. However, we are still behind in the quality of education. For example, the reading achievement of elementary school leavers is only 52 percent, while other newly-industrializing countries are achieving 76 percent (23). Education in junior and senior technical high schools and in tertiary institutions for OUI children still lags behind other countries. For example, the participation rate in our junior and senior technical high schools is about the same now as was achieved 15-20 years ago, by Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, and Thailand (23).
It is the same with regard to higher education. At this level, apart from the continuing low rate of study opportunities, we also confront problems of educational quality, and imbalance between the fields of science and technology, as opposed to social studies. The situation in 1992 indicated that of around 1.92 million students, only about 240 thousand were in the field of science and technology, or 12.6 percent. On the other hand, student numbers in the field of social studies constituted more than 51 percent. Likewise also, graduate numbers are in imbalance. Whereas only 9.1 percent of 188 thousand graduates were in science and technology, 54 percent were in the social sciences. Besides this, the relation between the higher education system and the world of work is not yet institutionalized. This has a wide impact on the work force. Measured by the percentage of science and technology graduates in the population age group 22 years in 1991, the proportion acliieved was 0.5 percent, compared with 4.2 percent in Taiwan, and 6 percent respectively in South Korea and Japan in the year 1990 (23).
Second, as an implication of the above, the total and composition of the science and technology human resources we have is still far short of the numbers required. To achieve matching capability with neighboring countries, and the industrial countries of the Asia-Pacific region, requires MIPA degrees (i.e., mathematics and natural sciences degrees) and engineering degrees at bachelor level of more than 15 thousand people per year at the beginning of the Second Long-Term Development (PJP II) and further increasing to 65 thousand people with degrees per year, by the end of PJP II. This will require enormous expense considering that the cost of educating one student in science and technology, exclusive of investment, is on average, Rp 3 million per student per year, compared with Rp 1.6 million per student per year in the social sciences (23).
Third, The capability to finance research and technology activities is still limited. At the early stage of development, we need a lot of finance for economic means and infrastructure, such as communications, irrigation, and energy, within the framework of meeting basic needs, that is, the principal needs of society, and raising people's incomes. As a result, the development budget allocated for development of science and technology at the present time, is around 0.3 percent of GNP. This amount is even less in comparison to research and technology budgets of around 1.6 percent of GNP in newly-industrialized countries.
Fourth, the tradition and capability in research and technology in the business world, principally private firms in Indonesia, is still weak. Thus, likewise are the budget allocations of business companies for conducting research. Therefore, both the budgets and the implementation of research and technology, are at government research and technology institutions. The implication is that there are weaknesses concerning joint conduct of research and technology activities between the business world and the world of research and technology. Research and technology proceeds alone, with little attention to the interests of the commercial world, and conversely, the business world pays scant attention to research and technology, with the result that the technology being applied is oflen already outmoded and no longer efficient ior continued use.
Fifth, the capability of the national industrial sector in general is not yet at a sufficient stage of planning and production technology for applying technological developments, and integrating them ourselves into industrial activity. The greater part of new technology transferred, is confined to various tools and how to use them. A position such as this, leaves national industry dependent upon technology packages obtained through a licensing system which is still very large, with the result that it is an extension or an expansion of the market for products of the technology concerned.
Sixth, in general, our national industry is small-scale industry. The socioeconomic condition of this industrial group in general is weak, with the result that capability is also weak for investment in the field of science and technology, especially for applying new technology to replace that which is old and no longer efficient. This is caused by weakness in the power to assimilate the technology which is already available. This condition also is not conducive to the development of national science and technology, because, without use in the practical world, the necessary feed-back can not be obtained for developing more advanced science and technology (23).
Numerous efforts have already been made to overcome the above weaknesses. In the field of industrial development, many strategies have already been adopted with all manner of ways, approaches and objectives, among others: the primary production export strategy; the industrial import substitution strategy; the industrial export promotion strategy; and the (strategic) high-technology industry strategy. In the field of science and technology, we are familiar with, among others, competitive grant programs; integrated research competitions; partnership research programs, as well as "co-operative education" in the form of a partnership between higher education institutions and the business world. Furthermore, to raise capability in science and technology, beside the universities and research and development institutes, we already have, among others: The National Research and Technology Council (1984), the National Standardization Council (1984), the Copyright Laws (1982), the Patent Laws (1989), and the Indonesian National Science Academy. Indeed, numerous means and infra structure for research have been built and are operating (33).
All of these efforts are known, and will not be dealt with in this article. What it is hoped to draw attention to, are the more fundamental matters needed for enhancing the powers of adaptation and innovation in the field of science and technology.
First, as mandated in the State Policy Guidelines (GBHN) of 1993, we must constantly grow, implant, and develop the value of science and technology, as the basis for building a culture of science and technology. Academic freedom and responsibility need to flower, especially within the environment of institutions for research and education. A sense of enquiry needs to be nurtured from childhood to the grave. The scientific vocations need to be built up. Appreciation is necessary both in financial and non-financial terms, for the acculturalization and enhancement of professions in research and technology. All this is required to develop a spirit and high work ethic in the research and technology professions.
Second, a climate of competition needs to be maintained, for achieving the best results from science and technology. Growth in science and technology very much depends on this climate of competition, bearing in mind that competition represents the process of selecting the best results. Competition in the world of research and technology will grow a forward-looking culture that is for the solution of future problems. Therefore, the research and technology professions are always challenged to increase their insights as well as their foresights. More decentralized organizations are more conducive to formation of such an atmosphere, compared to research and technology institutions with centralized characteristics. This aspect is very important to stress, meaning that decentralized research and teclmology organizations are more able to produce diversity in ideas and experiments, compared to centralized organizations. . Decentralization and competition alone shall provide possibilities for the growth of feedback mechanisms, for differentiation between the results of research and technology which are, and are not, useful
Third, balance and consistency of government policy in the development of research and education comprehensively integrated with overall development policy. It has already been mentioned above that, in reality, industrialization is the application of science and technology for more efficient and effective results or processes. Such a policy embraces policies within the system for education, for financing, the use of goods and services from the application of science and technology, for development of the means and infrastructure of research and technology, and for development of a taxation system which promotes the advancement of national science and technology. During the Second Long-Term Development (PJP II), although the role of government will diminish, as the role of the private sector rises, the government's absolute role is nevertheless still large.
VI. CONCLUSlON
We have reviewed the most crucial elements required for strengthening the utilization, mastery, and development of science and technology in the era of globalization. In
essence, these constitute the prime elements of both industrialization and globalization, which together can be seen as the one process of cultural transformation, wrought
by ever swifter currents of cultural change. This process will alter "the way of thinking, feeling and believing" within our society and nation concerning nearly all situations, conditions, or things to be confronted. In other words, industrialization brings impacts of cultural change, because science and teclmology are part of culture. In such a process, society's interpretation of progress will determine the speed of that process. The success of the process will be very much determined by our success in growing, implanting, and developing the values of science and technology, based on religious and noble values in our nation's culture. Only if we succeed in developing capability in the field of science and technology, whilst defending and maintaining our real nation and culture, will industrialization become "ours", and have a positive meaning for the Indonesian nation.
In the above regard, opportunities are opening for us to adopt more open and flexible attitudes, whilst choosing a prudent path through the process of industrialization. The globalization era presents great challenges and opportunities for stimulating development, yet on the other hand, we shall become victims of globalization, if we are unable to make use of it. It is no longer a matter of whether we are ready or not to join the globalization era. We cannot avoid its influences, since they are already part of our lives. What we have to develop, is our capability to adapt and innovate, in all branches of life. This capability to adapt and innovate, is a cultural creative process, and as such, all cultural resources including attributes such as values, institutions, knowledge, and technology, and all kinds of artifacts, are the principal sources we have to materialize as bases for industrialization. In embracing science and technology as a source of culture, then our cultural variety is a source of national stimulation for creativity, from which to bring forth diversity in science and technology, as required for strengthening the base for industrialization.
In developing the nation's processes of creativity, adaptation, and innovation, we have clear objectives, which are, to realize self sufficiency, prosperity, justice and equity, since, with their improvement, our nation advances as the result of national development. Therefore, we have to consider industrialization as no more than an instrument, or at least, an agent through which we realize the above objectives. Thus, developing science and technology in support of industrial development is definitely not to be aimed at supporting industrialization per se, but rather at achieving that stage of industrialization meaningful to our nation and country, as reflected in its contributions toward reaching the above objectives. The risk of negative influences, however, such as dehumanization, and alienation of the Indonesian people from their cultural roots will, on the other hand, have to be avoided.